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In this year’s update, we modelled GHG emissions through 2035 based on countries’ policies as of July 2025 and compared these emissions to countries’ current NDC targets as of mid-October 2025 to evaluate whether countries are on track to meet them.

This study explores how shortages of skilled workers for the energy transition could undermine global emissions pathways. Using a novel model linking labour supply and renewable energy development, it shows how labour shortages may delay renewable deployment and derail progress in power sector decarbonisation. Subsequent sections explore the real-world barriers faced by countries in expanding their energy transition workforce and assess countries’ current potential to supply skilled workers to the energy sector.